公立医院改制过程中所涉及到的有关问题

北京市华卫律师事务所 郑雪倩
北京市华卫律师事务所 刘 凯


建国初期，人民政府接管了帝国主义和官僚买办资产阶级所开设的医院，变国民党政府办的医院为人民政府的医院，同时，为了尽快改变新中国缺医少药，疾病丛生，人民健康水平十分低下的局面，又在各地、各种企事业部门和军队兴建了一批医院，从而形成了我国医院所有制结构的基本框架——以公有制为主体的多种所有制医院。随着国家经济的恢复和生产资料社会主义改造的完成，逐步将原有的私立医院过渡为全民所有制医院，将个体医院改造为集体性质的联合医院，而在广大农村，则依靠农业生产合作社的力量，办起了一批集体性质的医疗保健机构。至此，我国基本形成了以全民所有制为主、集体所有制为辅的防治结合的城乡医疗卫生网络，非公有制的医疗机构则不复存在。
这种以单纯福利性事业和计划经济管理全民和集体所有制医院，使我国医院所有制日趋单一化，虽在一定时期内起到了很好的效果，但是由国家独办医院方式，超越了我国的经济发展水平，增加了国家的财政经济负担。在党的十一届三中全会以后，医院的所有制结构发生了很大的变化，但从宏观上来看，此种局部性的、试探性的改变，并不足以使我国的医疗卫生体制所存在的问题得到根本性的改变，因此，在2003年7月国务院召开的全国卫生工作会议上明确提出要深化医疗卫生体制改革，打破条块分割，合理配置卫生资源，要通过制定有关法律、法规和政策，利用市场机制培育健康产业发展。这就为如何建立健全适应市场要求的经营运作机制提供了政策依据和发展目标，但由于我国目前所颁布与实施的法律、法规和政策，对公立医院改制过程中可能遇到的相关问题没有规定或规定不够清晰，加之医院管理层对改制相关问题的陌生，因此，笔者欲站在公立医院的角度上，对改制过程中可能涉及到的相关问题在此作一个粗陋的梳理，以期达到抛砖引玉的效果，为我国现今所开展的公立医院改制做一些有益的尝试。

一、 公立医院在改制过程中涉及到的关于产权的相关问题
产权，是在我国公立医院改制过程中不可逾越的一个先决性问题，明晰了公立医院的产权——可以毫不夸张的说，医院改制就能达到事半功倍的效果。
1、产权的概念、主体、客体及其交易的内容和方式
所谓产权是指：财产所有权以及与财产所有权有关的经营权、使用权等财产权。按照产权资产的形态，可以分为有形资产和无形资产产权两种。根据产权的概念，我们可以看出产权的主体是指享有或拥有财产所有权或具体享有所有权某一项权能以及享有与所有权有关的财产权利的人(自然人、法人)、单位、组织和国家。产权的客体是指产权权能所指向的标的，是产权主体可以控制和支配或享有的具有文化、科学和经济价值的物质资料以及各类无形资产。
如前所述，产权是一项具有财产性的权利，因此，根据其自身的性质，其价值上的体现必须通过交易来完成，所以，这就涉及到了产权的交易内容及交易方式的问题。
产权的交易是指财产所有权及相关经营权、财产使用权通过市场进行有偿转让的经营行为。包括三方面的内容：
①产权交易是一种遵循等价交换原则的商品经营活动；
②产权交易属于产权经营活动，其经营主体是企业财产所有者或拥有者的代理者；
③产权交易在内容上可以分为两个不同层次：第一个层次是财产所有权的转让；第二层次是保持财产所有权不变的前提下，实行财产经营权转让。
产权交易的方式包括：收购、兼并、租赁经营、承包经营、委托经营、出售、股份转让和嫁接外资等。
2、产权交易的方式在公立医院改制过程中的体现
结合目前我国公立医院改制过程中的具体实践，产权交易的方式在公立医院改制过程中有如下体现：
　　1. 合作经营制：以政府集体和内部职工共同出资为前提条件，同时吸纳社会和个人股金共同办院，可以新建医院，也可以在原国有医院基础上改造，吸取股份制管理办法，实行劳动联合为主，资本为辅的经营管理形式。
　　2. 外商、港商、台商及国内大公司投资，兴建医院或收购国有医院，引入全新的管理机制。
　　3. 资产转让
　　(1) 将医院整体或部分资产，通过招投标的形式，转让给职工个人所有或个人经营。
　　(2) 部分转制：资产评估确认后，通过招投标，整体转让给职工个人，建立新型劳动聘用关系，转让所得资金主要用于退休人员剥离支出，支付职工补偿金及偿还债务。
　　(3) 对所有资产进行公开转让，医院成为独立法人实体，在编职工一律与原单位解除劳动关系，转让价款除去改制成本后，专项用于卫生事业发展和改革遗留问题处理；
　　(4) “动产买断，不动产租赁”，将医院固定资产租赁给经营者使用，经营者享有节余的经营收益，承担经营风险。
3、公立医院在改制过程中涉及到产权问题时所应注意的事项
公立医院在改制前、改制过程中以及改制完成后均会涉及到产权问题。改制前，所涉及到的产权问题是改制能否顺利进行的前提条件，改制过程中所涉及的产权问题以及对产权问题的相关处理，又决定了改制过程结束后，经过改制的公立医院在法律上的地位和性质以及其在改制后如何运作的问题，而在改制后对于产权问题的相关处理则决定了经过改制后的公立医院的命运问题（注：对于改制后所涉及到的产权问题，笔者将放在其他问题中阐述）。因此，产权以及围绕着产权所出现的各种问题，是公立医院改制过程中必须予以重视的问题。具体而言，公立医院在改制前及改制过程中可能涉及到产权这一问题表现在以下几个方面：
（1） 在改制前，公立医院应将其自身自有的产权进行初步的项
目及数量上的统计；
在改制前，公立医院如此作为是为在改制过程中对其自有的有形
或无形资产做好进行评估、验资、界定产权的准备。
（2） 在改制过程中，将自有的资产（有形或无形）委托有执业
资格的评估机构进行评估；
根据现行的《国有资产评估管理办法》的相关规定，在对资产进
行评估时，除非国有资产外，资产评估的一般程序为：a、申请并办理资产评估立项手续（受理申请的部门为国有资产管理部门）；b、委托有执业资格的评估机构进行评估；c、申请并办理资产评估报告的确认手续；
（3） 在资产评估完毕后，公立医院可以根据自身改制的方案，
划分合理的股份并招募股金；
公立医院的改制，其终极目的是摆脱现有不合理的医疗体制对自身发展的束缚，以便更好的适应市场经济的发展。而在市场经济环境中，已被理论及实践所证实的能够较好的适应市场环境的主体则是具有资合性质的股份有限责任公司制或即具有资合性质又具有人合性质的有限责任公司制的法人，根据公司法的相关理论可以看出，以上两种不同性质的法人之所以能够很好的适应市场经济，其明确的股权划分以及由股权所决定的相关派生权利的符合科学的行使，起到了重要的作用。因此，在资产评估完毕后，股权的划分及由股权划分完毕后所进行的招募资金等活动，对公立医院改制后所成立的法人的正常运作是有着密切的联系的。
二、 公立医院改制过程中所涉及到的投资与融资的问题
1、 投资与融资的概念
所谓投资，是指以收回现金并取得收益为目的而发生的现金流出。
例如，购买政府公债，购买企业股票和债权，购置设备，兴建工厂，开办商店，增加一种新产品等，都会涉及到货币性流出，并希望取得更多的流入。
根据当前的实践及理论，对于投资这个概念，站在不同的角度可以得出不同的概念，当然其外延也就有所不同，结合公立医院改制的客观情况来看，笔者以为，在公立医院改制过程中所发生的投资，可以将其放在风险投资的范畴内考虑。风险投资（venture capital）在我国是一个约定俗成的具有特定内涵的概念，其实把它翻译成创业投资更为妥当。广义的风险投资泛指一切具有高风险、高潜在收益的投资；狭义的风险投资是指以高新技术为基础，生产与经营技术密集型产品的投资。根据美国全美风险投资协会的定义，风险投资是由职业金融家投入到新兴的、迅速发展的、具有巨大竞争潜力的企业中一种权益资本。从投资行为的角度来讲，风险投资是把资本投向蕴藏着失败风险的高新技术及其产品的研究开发领域，旨在促使高新技术成果尽快商品化、产业化，以取得高资本收益的一种投资过程。从运作方式来看，是指由专业化人才管理下的投资中介向特别具有潜能的高新技术企业投入风险资本的过程，也是协调风险投资家、技术专家、投资者的关系，利益共享，风险共担的一种投资方式。 结合我国目前医疗卫生体制的情况来看，在公立医院改制过程中所涉及到的关于投资的问题，将其放入广义概念上的风险投资中去考虑，是具有可行性的，并且，扩大投资概念的外延，可以直接导致公立医院改制过程中融资渠道的多样化，有利于我国公立医院改制的进行。
所谓融资，是指具有经营权利能力的法人或其他组织向社会有偿筹集资金的活动，包括各种股票、债权等有价证券的发行、转让及其他各种形式的集资活动。
2、投资与融资的方式
由投资的概念及当前的实践来看，在公立医院改制过程中，外界对公立医院进行投资的方式包括以下几种：
（1） 托管；
财政部


中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法施行细则(附英文)
财政部


（一九八二年二月十七日国务院批准）


第一条 本细则依据《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）第十八条的规定制定。
第二条 税法第一条所说的设立机构，是指外国企业在中国境内设有从事生产、经营的机构、场所或营业代理人。
前款所说的机构、场所，主要包括管理机构、分支机构、代表机构和工厂、开采自然资源的场所以及承包建筑、安装、装配、勘探等工程的场所。
第三条 外国企业同中国企业合作生产、合作经营，除另有规定者外，合作双方应当分别缴纳所得税。
第四条 税法第一条所说的生产、经营所得，是指外国企业从事工、矿、交通运输、农、林、牧、渔、饲养、商业、服务以及其它行业的生产、经营所得。
税法第一条所说的其它所得，是指股息、利息所得，出租或者出售财产所得，转让专利权、专有技术、商标权、版权等项所得，以及其它营业外收益。
第五条 税法第四条所说征收地方所得税的应纳税的所得额，与税法第三条所说的应纳税的所得额相同，都是按照本细则第九条所列公式计算出来的所得额。
第六条 税法第四条第二款所说生产规模小、利润低的企业，是指全年所得额在一百万元以下的外国企业。
第七条 税法第五条所说的利润率低的企业，包括深井开采煤矿资源、利润率低的外国企业。
第八条 外国企业所得税的纳税年度，指公历每年一月一日起，至十二月三十一日止。
外国企业按照前款规定的纳税年度计算有困难的，可以提出申请，报当地税务机关批准后，采用本企业满十二个月的会计年度计算纳税。
第九条 应纳税所得额的计算公式如下：
一、工业：
1．本期生产成本＝本期生产耗用的直接材料＋直接工资＋制造费用
2．本期产品成本＝本期生产成本＋期初半成品、在产品盘存＿期末半成品、在产品盘存
3．产品销售成本＝本期产品成本＋期初产品盘存＿期末产品盘存
4．产品销售净额＝产品销售总额＿（销货退回＋销货折让）
5．产品销售利润＝产品销售净额＿产品销售成本＿产品销售税金＿（销售费用＋管理费用）
6．应纳税所得额＝产品销售利润＋其它业务利润＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
二、商业：
1．销货净额＝销货总额＿（销货退回＋销货折让）
2．销货成本＝期初商品盘存＋［本期进货＿（进货退出＋进货折让）＋进货费用］＿期末商品盘存
3．销货利润＝销货净额＿销货成本＿销货税金＿（销货费用＋管理费用）
4．应纳税所得额＝销货利润＋其它业务利润＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
三、服务业：
1．业务收入净额＝业务收入总额＿（业务收入税金＋营业支出＋管理费用）
2．应纳税所得额＝业务收入净额＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
四、其它行业：参照以上公式计算。
第十条 下列各项，在计算应纳税所得额时，不得列为成本、费用或损失：
一、机器设备、建筑设施等固定资产的购置、建造支出；
二、购进各项无形资产的支出；
三、资本的利息；
四、所得税税款和地方所得税税款；
五、违法经营的罚金和被没收财物的损失；
六、各项税收的滞纳金和罚款；
七、风、水、火等灾害损失有保险赔款部分；
八、用于中国境内公益、救济性质以外的捐赠款；
九、支付给总机构的特许权使用费；
十、与生产、经营业务无关的其他支出。
第十一条 外国企业支付给总机构同本企业生产、经营有关的合理的管理费，以及支付给总机构直接提供服务所发生的实际费用，应当提供总机构的证明文件和单据凭证，并附有注册会计师签证的会计报告，经企业所在地的税务机关审核同意后，可以列支。外国企业同中国企业合作生
产、合作经营，在合同中订有摊销总机构管理费的协议，经当地税务机关审核认可的，可以按照合同确定的方法列支。
第十二条 外国企业支付的借款利息，应当提供借款付息的证明文件，经当地税务机关审核，属于正常借款的，准予按合理的利率列支。
第十三条 外国企业用于同生产、经营业务有关的合理的交际应酬费，应当提供确实的记录或单据凭证，分别在下列限度内，准予作为费用列支：
一、全年销货净额在一千五百万元以下的，其交际应酬费不得超过销货净额的千分之三；全年销货净额超过一千五百万元的，其超过部分的交际应酬费，不得超过该部分销货净额的千分之一。
二、全年业务收入总额在五百万元以下的，其交际应酬费不得超过业务收入总额的千分之十；全年业务收入总额超过五百万元的，其超过部分的交际应酬费，不得超过该部分业务收入总额的千分之三。
第十四条 外国企业在用的固定资产，应当按期逐年计算折旧。固定资产是指使用年限在一年以上的房屋、建筑物、机器、机械、运输工具和其它与生产经营有关的设备等。不属于生产、经营主要设备的物品，单位价值在五百元以下，使用期限又较短的，可以按实际使用数列为费用。

第十五条 固定资产的计价，应当以原价为准。
外国企业同中国企业在合作生产、合作经营中，作为投资的固定资产，以合作各方议定的价格作为原价。
购进的固定资产，以进价加运费、安装费和使用前所发生的有关费用作为原价。
自制、自建的固定资产，以制造、建造过程中所发生的实际支出作为原价。
从国外运进自有已经使用过的固定资产，应当提供该项资产的原价和已使用年数的证明以及有关的市场价格资料，重新按质估价。不能提供确实证明的，由企业估价，报当地税务机关按质核定其价格。
第十六条 固定资产应当从投入使用的月份起计算折旧。年度中间停止使用的固定资产，应当自停用月份的次月起，停止计算折旧。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业，在开发阶段的投资，以油（气）田为单位，全部累计作为资本支出，从本油（气）田开始商业性生产的月份起计算折旧。
第十七条 固定资产的折旧，应当先估计残值，从固定资产原价中减除，残值以原价的百分之十为原则；对于需要少留或不留残值的，应当报经当地税务机关批准；采用综合计算折旧的，可以不留残值。
固定资产的折旧，一般应当采用直线法平均计算。
第十八条 各类固定资产，计算折旧的年限如下：
一、房屋、建筑物，最短年限为二十年；
二、火车、轮船、机器设备和其它生产设备，最短年限为十年；
三、电子设备和火车、轮船以外的运输工具以及与生产经营业务有关的器具、工具、家具等，最短年限为五年。
外国企业由于特殊原因，需要加速折旧或改变折旧方法的，可以提出申请，经当地税务机关审核后，逐级上报财政部批准。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业，在开发阶段及其以后的投资所形成的各类固定资产，可以综合计算折旧。折旧的年限，不得少于六年。
从事开采煤矿资源的企业，比照适用前款的规定。
第十九条 固定资产在使用过程中，因扩充、更换、翻修和技术改造而增加价值，并延长了使用年限的，所发生的支出，应当作为资本支出，不得列为费用。
固定资产提取折旧足额后仍可继续使用的，不再计算折旧。
第二十条 转让或变价处理固定资产的收入，减除未折旧的净额或残值后的差额，列为当年度的损益。
第二十一条 外国企业受让专利权、专有技术、商标权、版权、场地使用权和其它特许权等无形资产，按照合理的价格所支付的金额，从开始使用的月份起，分期摊销。

外国企业同中国企业在合作生产、合作经营中，作为投资的前款无形资产，可以按照协议、合同规定的金额，从开始使用的月份起，分期摊销。
前两款无形资产在受让时或者作为投资时规定有使用期限的，可以按照规定期限分期摊销；没有规定使用期限的，摊销期限不得少于十年。
第二十二条 外国企业在筹办期间所发生的费用，应当在开始生产、经营后，分期摊销。摊销期限不得少于五年。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业所发生的合理的勘探费用，可以在已经开始商业性生产的油（气）田收入中分期摊销。摊销期限不得少于一年。
第二十三条 商品、原材料、在产品、半成品、产成品和副产品等的盘存，应当按照成本价计算。计算方法，可以在先进先出、移动平均和加权平均等方法中，由企业选用一种。需要变更计算方法的，应当报经当地税务机关批准。
第二十四条 外国企业不能提供准确的成本、费用凭证，不能正确计算应纳税所得额的，由当地税务机关按其销货净额或业务收入总额，参照同行业或类似行业的利润水平，核定其利润率，计算应纳税的所得额。
外国企业承包勘探、开发海洋石油资源的工程作业，按其承包收入总额核定利润率，计算应纳税的所得额。
第二十五条 外国的航空、海运企业从事国际运输业务，都以其在中国境内装载客货收入总额的百分之五为应纳税的所得额。
第二十六条 外国企业同中国企业合作生产，采取产品分成方式的，分得产品时，即为取得收入，按照卖给第三方的销售价格或参照当时的市场价格计算收入额。
从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外国企业，在分得原油时即为取得收入，按参照国际市场同类品质的原油价进行定期调整的价格，计算收入额。
第二十七条 税法第十一条所说的来源于中国的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其它所得，解释如下：
股息，是指从中国境内企业取得的股息或分享的利润；
利息，是指从中国境内取得的存款、贷款的利息；购买各种债券的利息以及垫付款、延期付款等项的利息；
租金，是指将财产租给中国境内租用者而取得的租金；
特许权使用费，是指提供在中国境内使用的各种专利权、专有技术、版权、商标权等而取得的收入；
其它所得，是指上述各项所得以外，经财政部确定征税的所得。
第二十八条 前条所说来源于中国的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其它所得，除另有规定者外，都按照收入全额计算应纳税额，税款由支付单位在每次支付的款额中扣缴。
第二十九条 税法第十一条所说国际金融组织，是指联合国所属国际货币基金组织、世界银行、国际开发协会、农业发展基金组织等金融机构；所说优惠利率，是指比国际金融市场一般利率至少低百分之十的利率。
第三十条 税法第十一条所说的中国国家银行，包括中国人民银行、中国银行、中国农业银行、中国人民建设银行、中国投资银行和经国务院批准的对外经营外汇存放款信贷业务的国际信托投资公司等。
第三十一条 税法第十一条第四款所说的存款利息所得，不包括外国银行在中国国家银行按照低于国际金融市场利率的存款所取得的利息。低于国际金融市场利率的存款利息所得，免征所得税。
第三十二条 税法第十一条所说支付的款额，包括现金支付、汇拨支付、转帐支付的金额，以及用有价证券、实物支付时折算的金额。
第三十三条 税法第七条规定的分季预缴所得税额，可以按照实际计算的季度利润额预缴，也可以按照本年度计划利润额或上年度所得额计算的应纳税额的四分之一预缴。
第三十四条 外国企业营业不满一年的，按照实际营业期间的所得额，适用税法所规定的税率，计算缴纳所得税。
第三十五条 外国企业的开业、停业，应当分别在开业后或停业前三十天内，按照税法第十条的规定，向当地税务机关办理开业或停业的税务登记。
第三十六条 外国企业在纳税年度内无论盈利或亏损，都应当按照规定期限，向当地税务机关报送所得税申报表和会计决算报表；除另有规定者外，还应当附送在中华人民共和国登记的注册会计师的查帐报告。
第三十七条 外国企业如遇特殊原因，不能按照规定期限报送纳税申报表时，应当在报送期限内提出申请，经当地税务机关批准，可以适当延长，并相应延长汇算清缴的期限。缴纳税款期限和报送报表期限的最后一日，如遇公休假日，可以顺延。
第三十八条 外国企业的财务收支以实行权责发生制为原则。各项会计记录必须正确、完整，都应当有合法的凭证作为记帐依据。
第三十九条 外国企业所用会计凭证、帐簿和报表，应当使用中国文字记载，也可以使用中、外两种文字。
会计凭证、帐簿和报表，至少保存十五年。
第四十条 外国企业的销货发票和营业收款凭证，应当报经当地税务机关批准后，方可使用。
第四十一条 税务机关派出人员，对企业的财务、会计和纳税情况进行检查时，应当出示证件，并负责保密。
第四十二条 外国企业所得为外国货币的，分季预缴所得税，应当按照填开纳税凭证当日国家外汇管理总局公布的外汇牌价，折合成人民币缴纳税款；年度终了后汇算清缴所得税应补、应退的税款，按照纳税年度终了的最后一日国家外汇管理总局公布的外汇牌价，折合成人民币进行退
补。
第四十三条 外国企业违反税法第八条、第九条第一款、第十条、第十二条规定的，税务机关根据情节轻重，可处以五千元以下的罚金。
第四十四条 外国企业违反本细则第三十九条第二款、第四 十条规定的，税务机关根据情节轻重，可处以五千元以下的罚金。
第四十五条 税法第十五条第三款所说的偷税、抗税，解释如下：
偷税，是指纳税人有意违反税法规定，伪造、涂改、销毁帐册、票据或记帐凭证，虚列、多报成本、费用，隐瞒、少报应纳税的所得额或收入额，逃避纳税或骗回已纳税款等违法行为。
抗税，是指纳税人违抗税法规定，拒不办理纳税申报和提供纳税证明文件、单据凭证；拒绝接受税务机关对财务、会计和纳税情况进行检查；拒不依法缴纳税款、罚金等违法行为。
第四十六条 税务机关根据税法和本细则规定处以罚金的案件，应当填发违章案件处理通知书。
第四十七条 外国企业按照税法第十六条的规定，提出申请复议的案件，税务机关应当在接到申请后三个月内作出处理决定。
第四十八条 外国企业所得税申报表和纳税凭证，由中华人民共和国财政部税务总局统一印制。
第四十九条 本细则的解释权，属于中华人民共和国财政部。
第五十条 本细则以《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》的公布施行日期为施行日期。

Detailed Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of theForeign Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China

(Approved by the State Council on February 17, 1982; Promulgatedby the Ministry of Finance on February 21, 1982)

Whole Doc.

Article 1
The Detailed Rules and Regulations are formulated in accordance with
the provisions of Article 18 of the Income Tax Law of the People's
Republic of China Concerning Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called Tax
Law).
Article 2
"Establishments" mentioned in Article 1 of the Tax Law refer to
organizations, places or business agents established in Chinese territory
by foreign enterprises and engaged in production and business operations.
The organizations and places mentioned in the preceding paragraph
mainly include management offices, branches, representative offices,
factories and places where natural resources are exploited and where
contracted projects of building, installations, assembly and exploration
are operated.
Article 3
Foreign enterprises and Chinese enterprises engaged in any
cooperative production or joint business operation should, unless separate
provisions are stipulated, each pay their income taxes respectively.
Article 4
"Income derived from production and business" mentioned in Article 1
of the Tax Law refers to income from the production and business
operations by foreign enterprises in industry, mining, communications,
transportation, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries,
poultry farming, commerce, service and other trades.
Income from other sources as mentioned in Article 1 of the Tax Law
covers dividends, interest, income from lease or sale of property, income
from transfer of patents, technical know-how, trademark interests, or
copyright and other non-business income.
Article 5
The taxable income for assessing the local income tax as mentioned in
Article 4 of the Tax Law is the same as the taxable income mentioned in
Article 3 of the Tax Law, i.e. it is calculated according to the formulas
given in Article 9 of the Detailed Rules and Regulations.
Article 6
Enterprises engaged in small-scaled production or business and
enterprises of low profits, as mentioned in Paragraph 2 of Article 4 of
the Tax Law, refer to foreign enterprises with an annual income of less
than 1,000,000 RMB yuan.
Article 7
Foreign enterprises scheduled to operate in low-profit occupations,
as mentioned in Article 5 of the Tax Law, include those low- profit
enterprises engaged in exploiting coal mineral resources in deep wells.

Article 8
The tax year for foreign enterprises starts from January 1 and ends
on December 31 on the Gregorian Calendar.
Where a foreign enterprise finds it difficult to compute its income
of the tax year as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, it may apply to
the local tax authorities for approval to use its own 12-month fiscal year
for tax computation and payment.
Article 9
The taxable income shall be calculated in accordance with the
following formulas:
a. Industry:
1. Production costs of the year = Direct materials used up in
production of the year + direct wages + manufacturing expenses
2. Cost of the product of the year = Production costs of the year
+ inventory of products semi-finished and in process of production at the
beginning of the year - inventory of products semi-finished and in process
of production at the end of the year
3. Cost of the sales of the product = Cost of the product of the
year + inventory of the product at the beginning of the year - inventory
of the product at the end of the year
4. Net sales of the product = Gross sales of the product -
(sales return + sales allowance)
5. Profit from sales of the product = Net sales of the product -
tax on the sales of the product - cost of the sales of the product -
(selling expenses + overhead expenses)
6. Taxable Income = Profit from sales of the product + profit
from other operations + non-business income - non-business expenditure
b. Commerce:
1. Net sales = Gross sales - (sales return + sales allowance)
2. Cost of sales = Inventory of merchandise at the beginning of
the year + [Purchases of the year - (purchase returned + purchase
discount) + purchase expenses] - inventory of merchandise at the end of
the year
3. Profit of sales = Net sales - cost of sales - tax on sales
(selling expenses + overhead expenses)
4. Taxable income = Profit of sales + profit from other
operations + non-business income - non-business expenditure
c. Service trades:
1. Net business income = Gross business income - (tax on business
+ operating expenses + overhead expenses)
2. Taxable income = Net business income + non-business income -
non-business expenditure
d. Other trades:
For other trades, refer to the above mentioned formulas for
calculation.

Article 10
The following items shall not be counted as cost, expenses or loss in
calculating the taxable income:
1. Expenditure on the purchase or construction of machinery,
equipment, building facilities and other fixed assets;
2. Expenditure on the purchase of intangible assets;
3. Interest on equity capital;
4. Income tax payment and local income tax payment;
5. Penalty for illegal operations and losses in the form of
confiscated property;
6. Overdue tax payment and tax penalty;
7. Losses from windstorms, floods and fire covered by insurance
indemnity;
8. Donations and contributions other than those for public welfare
and relief purposes in China;
9. Royalties paid to the head offices;
10. Other expenses that are not relevant to production and business
operation.
Article 11
Reasonable overhead expenses that are relevant to production and
operation paid by a foreign enterprise to its head office and actual
expenses paid to its head office for services directly provided may be
listed as expenses on the condition that the said expenses are backed up
by certificates and vouchers from the head office, together with a
financial report signed by a chartered public accountant, and examined and
approved by the local tax authorities.
Where a foreign enterprise is engaged in co-operative production and
joint business operation with a Chinese enterprise and an agreement has
been reached and included in the signed contract for the sharing of
overhead expenses of the head office, such payments may be listed as
expenses in accordance with the confirmed method in the contract after
being examined and ratified by the local tax authorities.
Article 12
Foreign enterprises are permitted to list as expenses the interest
payments on loans at reasonable rates on the condition that the loans and
interest payments are backed up by certifying documents and, after being
examined by the local tax authorities, are considered as being of normal
terms.

Article 13
Reasonable entertainment expenses paid by foreign enterprises that
are relevant to production and business income more than 5,000,000 RMB
yuan, the vouchers and documents, and then may be listed as expenses
within the following limits respectively:
1. For enterprises with annual net sales less than 15,000,000 RMB
yuan, the reasonable entertainment expenses shall not be in excess of
0.3%, or three thousandths, of the net sales; for those with annual net
sales more than 15,000,000 RMB yuan, the expenses for that portion above
the limit shall not exceed 0.1%, or one thousandth, of the said portion.
2. For enterprises with annual total business income less than
5,000,000 RMB yuan, the reasonable entertainment expenses shall not be in
excess of 1%, or ten thousandths, of the total business income, for those
with annual total business income more than 5,000,000 RMB yuan, the
expenses for that portion above the limit shall not exceed 3 , or three
thousandths, of the said portion.
Article 14
Depreciation of fixed assets of foreign enterprises in use shall be
calculated on an annual basis. The fixed assets cover houses, buildings,
machinery and other mechanical apparatuses, means of transport and other
equipment for the purpose of production or business operations with useful
life of more than one year. But articles with a per-unit value of less
than 500 RMB yuan and a shorter useful life that are not main equipment
for production or operation, can be itemized as expenses according to the
actual quantity in use.
Article 15
Fixed assets shall be assessed according to the original value. For
fixed assets counted as an investment by foreign enterprises and Chinese
enterprises engaged in co-operative production and business operation, the
original value shall be the price of the assets agreed upon by all
participants at the time of co-operation.
For purchased fixed assets, the original value shall be the purchase
price plus freight, installation expenses and other related expenses
incurred before they are put into use.
For self-made and self-built fixed assets, the original value shall
be the actual expenditures incurred in the course of manufacture of
construction.
For self-owned and used fixed assets that are shipped in from abroad,
the documents certifying their original value and the number of years in
use, together with reference data on their market price, shall be
presented and their actual value shall be reassessed according to the
quality. For assets without certifying documents, the value shall be
assessed by the enterprise and submitted to the local tax authorities for
examination and approval in accordance with the quality of the assets.

Article 16
Depreciation of fixed assets shall be calculated starting from the
month when the assets are put into use. Depreciation shall no longer be
calculated starting from the month following that in which the fixed
assets cease to be used.
For enterprises engaged in exploiting off-shore petroleum resources,
all investments at the stage of exploration shall be counted as capital
expenditure with the oil (gas) field as a unit, and depreciation shall be
calculated starting from the month when the oil (gas) field begins to go
into production for commercial purposes.
Article 17
In calculating depreciation on fixed assets, the residual value shall
be assessed first and deducted from the original value, the principle
being to make the residual value about 10 per cent of the original value;
those assets to retain a lower or no residual value shall be submitted for
approval to the local tax authorities. If the depreciation is calculated
in accordance with a composite life method, residual value may not be
retained.
Depreciation on fixed assets shall generally be computed in average
under the straight-line method.
Article 18
The depreciation period for various kinds of fixed assets is set as
follows:
1. The minimum depreciation period for houses and buildings is 20
years;
2. The minimum depreciation period for trains, ships, machines and
equipment and other apparatuses for the purpose of production is 10 years;
3. The minimum depreciation period for electronic equipment, means of
transport other than trains and ships, as well as appliances, tools and
furniture relevant to production and operation is 5 years.
For cases where the depreciation on fixed assets of foreign
enterprises, owing to special reasons, needs to be accelerated or to be
computed under modified methods, applications may be submitted to the
local tax authorities for examination and then relayed level by level to
the Ministry of Finance for approval.
Depreciation of various kinds of fixed assets resulting from the
investments of enterprises engaged in exploiting offshore petroleum
resources, during and after the stage of exploration, may be calculated in
accordance with a composite life method. The depreciation period shall not
be less than six years.
For enterprises engaged in exploiting coal mineral resources, the
provisions of the preceding paragraph may also be applied.

Article 19
Expenditures arising from enlargement, replacement, refitting and
technical innovation and resulting in the increase of value of fixed
assets in use, should be regarded as capital expenditure, and shall not be
listed as expenses.
For the fixed assets remaining in use after the full depreciation
period, no depreciation shall be allowed.
Article 20
The balance of the proceeds from the alienation or disposal of fixed
assets at the current price, after the net unamortized value or the
residual value of the assets is deducted, shall be entered into the profit
and loss account for the current year.
Article 21
For intangible assets such as patents, technical know-how, trademark
interests, copyright, right to use sites and other franchises that are
alienated to foreign enterprises, the payment made by the enterprises at
reasonable prices shall be amortized from the month they come into use.
Intangible assets mentioned in the preceding paragraph and counted as
the investment by foreign and Chinese enterprises in co-operative
production and business operation, may be amortized on the basis of the
assessed value as provided in the agreements or contracts from the month
they come into use.
The intangible assets mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs that
are alienated to or counted as investment by the foreign enterprises with
the provision of time limit for use, shall be assessed and amortized
according to the time limit; those without such provision shall be
assessed and amortized in a period not less than 10 years.
Article 22
Expenses arising during the period of preparation for a foreign
enterprise shall be amortized after it goes into production or business in
a period not less than five years.
Reasonable exploration expenses incurred by foreign enterprises
engaged in exploiting off-shore petroleum resources may be amortized from
the revenues derived from the oil (or gas) field that has gone into
production for commercial purposes, but the time limit of such
amortization shall not be less than one year.
Article 23
Inventory of merchandise, raw materials, products in process of
production, semi-finished products, finished products and by- products
shall be valued according to the cost price. For the method of
computation, the enterprises may choose one out of the following: first-in
first-out, shifting average and weighted average. In case a change in the
method of computation is necessary, it shall be submitted to the local tax
authorities for approval.

Article 24
If a foreign enterprise cannot provide accurate evidence of costs and
expenses and cannot correctly work out its taxable income, the local tax
authorities shall appraise and determine its profit rate with reference to
the profit level of other enterprises of the same or similar trade, and
then calculate its taxable income on the basis of its net sales or its
gross business income.
The taxable income of a foreign enterprise engaged in contracted
projects for exploring and exploiting off-shore petroleum resources shall
be calculated according to the profit rate appraised and determined in
relation to its gross income of the contract.
Article 25
For foreign air and ocean shipping enterprises engaged in
international transport business, the taxable income shall be 5 per cent
of the gross income from transport services for passengers and cargoes
within the Chinese territory.
Article 26
Foreign enterprises engaged in cooperative production with Chinese
enterprises on the basis of proration of products are considered as
receiving income when such products are distributed, and the amount of
their income shall be computed according to the prices at which the
products are sold to the third party or with reference to the prevailing
market prices of the products.
Foreign enterprises engaged in cooperative exploitation of off-shore
petroleum resources are considered as receiving income when they receive
their share of crude oil, and the amount of their income shall be computed
according to the prices which are regularly adjusted with reference to the
international market price of crude oil of equal quality.
Article 27
The income of dividends interest, rentals, royalties and other
sources in China as mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law is explained as
follows:
"Dividends" refer to the dividends or the share of profits obtained
from enterprises in China.
"Interest" refers to interest earned from deposits and loans,
interest on various bonds purchased and interest earned from payments made
for others and from deferred payments in China.
"Rentals" refer to rentals on properties rented to persons in China.
"Royalties" refer to income obtained from the provision of various
patents, technical know-how, copyright and trademark interests for use in
China.
"Incomes from other sources" refer to incomes specified to be taxable
by the Ministry of Finance other than those mentioned above.

Article 28
The income of dividends, interest, rentals, royalties and other
sources in China as mentioned in the preceding article, with the exception
of those for which separate provisions are stipulated, shall be assessed
on its full amount, and the tax to be paid shall be withheld by the paying
unit from each payment.
Article 29
"International finance organizations" as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Tax Law refer to the International Monetary Fund, the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), the International
Development Association, the International Fund for Agricultural
Development and other finance organizations of the UN
The "preferential interest rate" mentioned therein refers to a rate
that is at least 10 per cent less than the general prevailing interest
rate in the international financial market.
Article 30
"China's state banks" mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law include
the People's Bank of China, the Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of
China, the People's Construction Bank of China, the Investment Bank of
China, and China International Trust and Investment Corporation which has
been authorized by the State Council to be engaged in business of foreign
exchange deposits, loans and credits with foreign clients.
Article 31
"Income derived from interest on deposits", as mentioned in Paragraph
4 of Article 11 of the Tax Law shall not include the interest on deposits
of foreign banks in China's state banks at a rate of interest lower than
that prevailing in the international financial market. Income from
interest on deposits at a rate lower than that prevailing in the
international financial market shall be exempted from income tax.
Article 32
Payments of income, as mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law,
include payments in cash, payments by remittance, payments through
transfer accounts, as well as payments made in marketable securities or in
kind which are rendered into equivalent amounts of money.
Article 33
Income tax to be paid provisionally in quarterly installments as
stipulated in Article 7 of the Tax Law may be paid according to the actual
quarterly profit, or it may be paid on one-fourth of the taxable income
calculated on the basis of the planned profit for the current year or the
actual income in the preceding year.
Article 34
For foreign enterprises which have operated for less than a year, the
income tax shall be assessed on the actual income earned in the operation
period at the applicable tax rate prescribed by the Tax Law.

Article 35
When foreign enterprises go into operation or close down, such
enterprises shall, within 30 days after starting operation or before
closing down, go to the local tax authorities for the relevant tax
registration according to Article 10 of the Tax Law.
Article 36
Foreign enterprises shall file their income tax returns and final
accounting statements with the local tax authorities within the prescribed
period irrespective of making profit or loss in the tax year and, unless
otherwise stipulated, shall send in at the same time the audit certificate
of the chartered public accountants registered in the People's Republic of
China.
Article 37
In case of failure to submit the tax returns within the prescribed
time limit owing to special circumstances, the foreign enterprise should
submit application to the local tax authorities within the said time
limit, and the time limit for filing tax returns and accordingly that for
final settlement may be appropriately extended upon the latter's approval.
The final day of the time limit for tax payment and that for filing
tax returns may be extended if it falls upon an official holiday.
Article 38
The revenue and expenditure of foreign enterprises shall in principle
be accounted on accrual basis. All accounting records shall be accurate
and complete, and shall have lawful vouchers as the basis for entries.
Article 39

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